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D01 — AI Interaction Profile

D01-E01

Intensity of Use

Description

Frequency, duration, time of day, binge use, repeated long sessions, use during work or school, use during sleep hours.

Rationale

High-frequency, long-duration, or nocturnal AI use signals that the interaction has moved beyond instrumental purposes. Binge use patterns, particularly during sleep hours or periods of distress, are associated with emotional dependency and impaired reality testing. Intensity is one of the earliest observable markers of concerning engagement.

Evidence Base

  • Inside a Mass Shooter’s Harrowing History With ChatGPT

    Mark Follman, 2024. Inside a Mass Shooter’s Harrowing History With ChatGPT. Mother Jones.

    News / journalism

  • Independent Clinical Evaluation of General-Purpose LLM Responses to Signals of Suicide Risk

    Nick Judd, Alexandre Vaz, Kevin Paeth, Layla Inés Davis, Milena Esherick, Jason Brand, Inês Amaro, Tony Rousmaniere, 2024. Independent Clinical Evaluation of General-Purpose LLM Responses to Signals of Suicide Risk. Proceedings of the Second International Association for Safe and Ethical AI Conference (IASEAI’26), 279. DOI: null.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • The Human-AI Cognitive Relationship: The Dominant Threat Vector of the Next Decade

    Varga, 2026. The Human-AI Cognitive Relationship: The Dominant Threat Vector of the Next Decade. AI and Advanced Tech, null, pages. null.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • THE NEW INFLUENCING MACHINE: CHATBOTS, AI PSYCHOSIS & BTAM

    Saragosa, P., 2024. THE NEW INFLUENCING MACHINE: CHATBOTS, AI PSYCHOSIS & BTAM. The New York Times, Vol. null, pages. null.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • “You Need to Drop the App”: Online Community Responses to Teens’ Disclosures of Overreliance on AI Companion Chatbots

    Mohammad (Matt) Namvarpour, Ananya Mhetras, Jessica Y Medina, Mamtaj Akter, and Afsaneh Razi, 2026. “You Need to Drop the App”: Online Community Responses to Teens’ Disclosures of Overreliance on AI Companion Chatbots. In ACM Conversational User Interfaces 2026 (CUI ’26), July 21–24, 2026, Bremen, Germany. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3816046.3816214

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Artificial Intelligence and Adolescent Well-being

    American Psychological Association, 2025. Artificial Intelligence and Adolescent Well-being. APA Health Advisory.

    Government / agency report

  • 2026 | THE COMMON SENSE MEDIA CENSUS AI Use by Tweens and Teens

    The Common Sense Media Census: AI Use by Tweens and Teens, 2026 https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/2026-ai-use-by-tweens-and-teens-1.pdf

    Government / agency report

  • A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots

    Diel A, Torous J, Cuijpers P, Kleesiek J, Nensa F, Weber N, Faust F, Lalgi TJ, Mellis FS, Teufel M, Bäuerle A, 2024. A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots. npj Digital Medicine, 9(644). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-03054-x

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Anthropomorphism in AI Companion Communities: Age, Gender, and Emotional Correlates

    Afia Mubashir, Boden Moraski, Stephanie Choi, Rose E. Guingrich, 2026. Anthropomorphism in AI Companion Communities: Age, Gender, and Emotional Correlates. arXiv, 2606.30942. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.30942

    Preprint

  • Stumbling Into AI Emotional Dependence: How Routine AI Interactions Reshape Human Connection

    Yaoxi Shi, Cathy Mengying Fang, Pattie Maez, Amit Goldenberg, 2026. Stumbling Into AI Emotional Dependence: How Routine AI Interactions Reshape Human Connection. arXiv, 2606.04150. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.04150

    Preprint

  • Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis”

    Hudon A, Stip E, 2024. Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis”. JMIR Ment Health, 12, e85799. doi: 10.2196/85799.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • AI-associated delusions: the missing dimension of mortality

    Idris Altinisik, Utku Igcioglu, Murat Emul, 2024. AI-associated delusions: the missing dimension of mortality. Lancet Psychiatry, Vol 13, pages 456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(25)00396-7.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • China wants to end AI romances They are having too much impact on young people’s lives

    https://www.economist.com/china/2026/07/16/china-wants-to-end-ai-romances#selection-136.0-1297.97

    News / journalism

  • The Dawn of the AI Era: Teens, Parents, and the Adoption of Generative AI at Home and School

    Madden, M., Calvin, A., Hasse, A., & Lenhart, A. (2024). The dawn of the AI era: Teens, parents, and the adoption of generative AI at home and school. San Francisco, CA: Common Sense.

    Government / agency report

  • It Is the Journey, Not the Destination: Moving From End Points to Trajectories When Assessing Chatbot Mental Health Safety

    Morrin H, Au Yeung J, Agnew Z, Østergaard SD, Pollak TA, 2024. It Is the Journey, Not the Destination: Moving From End Points to Trajectories When Assessing Chatbot Mental Health Safety. JMIR Ment Health, 13(e91454). https://doi.org/10.2196/91454

    Commentary / Editorial

  • Growing up in the online world: government response (July 2026)

    Department for Science, Innovation & Technology, 2026. Growing up in the online world: government response (July 2026). GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/growing-up-in-the-online-world-a-national-consultation/outcome/growing-up-in-the-online-world-government-response-july-2026.

    Government / agency report

  • Characterizing Delusional Spirals through Human-LLM Chat Logs

    Moore J, Mehta A, Agnew W, Anthis JR, Louie R, Mai Y, Yin P, Cheng M, Paech SJ, Klyman K, Chancellor S, Lin E, Haber N, Ong D, 2024. Characterizing Delusional Spirals through Human-LLM Chat Logs. arXiv, 2603.16567v1.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • AI Mental Health Apps: A Risk Assessment

    Common Sense Media Youth AI Safety Institute, 2024. AI Mental Health Apps: A Risk Assessment. Common Sense Media.

    Government / agency report

  • Intelligent Systems, Vulnerable Minds: A Framework for Radicalization to Violence in the Age of AI

    Kunst et al., 2026. Intelligent Systems, Vulnerable Minds: A Framework for Radicalization to Violence in the Age of AI. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 30(3), 395-426. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683261430089

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • AI Companions Reduce Loneliness

    De Freitas, J., Oğuz-Uğuralp, Z., Uğuralp, A. K., & Puntoni, S., 2025. AI Companions Reduce Loneliness. Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 00, pages. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaf040

    Peer-reviewed study

  • Patients are bringing AI to therapy Highlights from the 2026 Chatbots and Mental Health Survey

    https://www.apa.org/pubs/reports/chatbots-mental-health-2026

    Narrative review

  • AI companions and adolescent social relationships: Benefits, risks, and bidirectional influences

    Xiaoran Sun, Yunqi Wang, Brandon T. McDaniel, 2026. AI companions and adolescent social relationships: Benefits, risks, and bidirectional influences. Child Development Perspectives, 20(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1093/cdpers/aadaf009

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Assessing AI’s Influence On Violence Risk

    Crimando, 2026. Assessing AI’s Influence On Violence Risk. Continuity Insights.

    News / journalism

  • Psychosis Risk and Generative Artificial Intelligence Use Frequency, Motivations, and Delusion-Like Experiences: Cross-Sectional Survey Study

    Buck, B., & Maheux, A. J., 2024. Psychosis Risk and Generative Artificial Intelligence Use Frequency, Motivations, and Delusion-Like Experiences: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 28(1), e85038. doi: 10.2196/85038

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Disrupted Companionship: A Risk Assessment Framework and Cross-Platform Quantitative Analysis of Psychosocial Responses to AI Companion Disruptions

    Chau Do, Yunhao Yuan, Koustuv Saha, Renwen Zhang, Talayeh Aledavood, 2024. Disrupted Companionship: A Risk Assessment Framework and Cross-Platform Quantitative Analysis of Psychosocial Responses to AI Companion Disruptions. arXiv, Vol. null, pages. arXiv:2609.16907v1.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • AI chatbot-associated psychiatric symptoms: a narrative review of publicly available reports and media accounts

    Arun, A., Trinh, C., & IsHak, W. W., 2026. AI chatbot-associated psychiatric symptoms: a narrative review of publicly available reports and media accounts. Discover Mental Health, Article in Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44192-026-00619-w

    Narrative review
This platform is NOT a scoring engine, diagnostic tool, or risk prediction system. It is a research and evidence-mapping tool to support the transparent development of an SPJ framework.