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D04 — Reinforcement, Sycophancy, and Grievance Amplification

D04-E01

Sycophantic Validation

Description

AI repeatedly affirms the person's interpretation, anger, entitlement, grievance, or belief that they are right.

Rationale

Sycophantic AI responses — those that affirm the person's position regardless of its accuracy or dangerousness — are an architecturally predictable feature of many LLMs trained on human approval. When this affirmation repeatedly validates grievance, entitlement, or harmful intent, it functions as a consistent external reinforcement of those beliefs, strengthening them over time.

Evidence Base

  • Characterizing Delusional Spirals through Human-LLM Chat Logs

    Moore J, Mehta A, Agnew W, Anthis JR, Louie R, Mai Y, Yin P, Cheng M, Paech SJ, Klyman K, Chancellor S, Lin E, Haber N, Ong D, 2024. Characterizing Delusional Spirals through Human-LLM Chat Logs. arXiv, 2603.16567v1.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Expanding on what we missed with sycophancy

    OpenAI, 2024. Expanding on what we missed with sycophancy. AI Company Report.

    AI company report

  • THE NEW INFLUENCING MACHINE: CHATBOTS, AI PSYCHOSIS & BTAM

    Saragosa, P., 2024. THE NEW INFLUENCING MACHINE: CHATBOTS, AI PSYCHOSIS & BTAM. The New York Times, Vol. null, pages. null.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • Anthropomorphism in AI Companion Communities: Age, Gender, and Emotional Correlates

    Afia Mubashir, Boden Moraski, Stephanie Choi, Rose E. Guingrich, 2026. Anthropomorphism in AI Companion Communities: Age, Gender, and Emotional Correlates. arXiv, 2606.30942. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2606.30942

    Preprint

  • Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence

    Cheng M, Lee C, Khadpe P, Yu S, Han D, Jurafsky D, 2026. Sycophantic AI decreases prosocial intentions and promotes dependence. Science, 391(6792), pages. 10.1126/science.aec8352.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Building safer artificial intelligence mental health chatbots: a framework for transparency, evaluation, and shared accountability

    Hannah Lee, BS, Rebecca Handler, MSc, Tushar Mungle, PhD, Tina Hernandez-Boussard, PhD, 2026. Building safer artificial intelligence mental health chatbots: a framework for transparency, evaluation, and shared accountability. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 33(8), 1538–1553. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocag078

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Shoggoths, Sycophancy, Psychosis, Oh My: Rethinking Large Language Model Use and Safety

    Clegg, K.-A., 2025. Shoggoths, Sycophancy, Psychosis, Oh My: Rethinking Large Language Model Use and Safety. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 27(2025).

    Peer-reviewed study

  • COMMON SENSE MEDIA YOUTH AI SAFETY INSTITUTE RISK ASSESSMENT AI Mental Health Apps

    COMMON SENSE MEDIA YOUTH AI SAFETY INSTITUTE RISK ASSESSMENT AI Mental Health Apps The AI mental health app market is unregulated, unstable, and in some cases actively harmful to teens. The productsthat get it right make better use of people and professional care systems. Last updated: May 5, 2026 Overall risk level: Varies Type of AI: Applied Use Type of Review: Use Case Review https://institute.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/risk-assessments/csm-ai-risk-assessment-ai-mental-health-apps-05052026_1.pdf

    Government / agency report

  • Artificial intelligence-associated delusions and large language models: risks, mechanisms of delusion co-creation, and safeguarding strategies

    Hamilton Morrin, MBBS, Luke Nicholls, MAc, Prof Michael Levin, PhD, Prof Jenny Yiend, PhD, Udita Iyengar, PhD, Francesca DelGuidice, MBA, et al., 2026. Artificial intelligence-associated delusions and large language models: risks, mechanisms of delusion co-creation, and safeguarding strategies. The Lancet Psychiatry, 13(6), 522-530.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots

    Diel A, Torous J, Cuijpers P, Kleesiek J, Nensa F, Weber N, Faust F, Lalgi TJ, Mellis FS, Teufel M, Bäuerle A, 2024. A scoping review on the mental health harms of LLM-based chatbots. npj Digital Medicine, 9(644). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-026-03054-x

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Common Sense Media AI Risk Assessment: Generative AI Chatbots

    Common Sense Media, 2024. Common Sense Media AI Risk Assessment: Generative AI Chatbots. Common Sense Media.

    Government / agency report

  • Patients are bringing AI to therapy Highlights from the 2026 Chatbots and Mental Health Survey

    https://www.apa.org/pubs/reports/chatbots-mental-health-2026

    Narrative review

  • Intelligent Systems, Vulnerable Minds: A Framework for Radicalization to Violence in the Age of AI

    Kunst et al., 2026. Intelligent Systems, Vulnerable Minds: A Framework for Radicalization to Violence in the Age of AI. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 30(3), 395-426. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683261430089

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)

  • Inside a Mass Shooter’s Harrowing History With ChatGPT

    Mark Follman, 2024. Inside a Mass Shooter’s Harrowing History With ChatGPT. Mother Jones.

    News / journalism

  • “AI Psychosis” in Context: How Conversation History Shapes LLM Responses to Delusional Beliefs

    Nicholls L, Hutto R, Soto Z, Morrin H, Pollak T, Korpan R, Carmichael C, 2024. “AI Psychosis” in Context: How Conversation History Shapes LLM Responses to Delusional Beliefs. arXiv, 2604.13860v4.

    Preprint

  • Use of generative AI chatbots and wellness applications for mental health: An APA health advisory

    American Psychological Association, 2024. Use of generative AI chatbots and wellness applications for mental health: An APA health advisory. American Psychological Association.

    Government / agency report

  • When patients consult artificial intelligence before clinicians: restoring clinical prioritisation in mental health care

    Yudai Kaneda, 2026. When patients consult artificial intelligence before clinicians: restoring clinical prioritisation in mental health care. The British Journal of Psychiatry, First View, pp. 1 - 2. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2026.10741

    Commentary / Editorial

  • Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis”

    Hudon A, Stip E, 2024. Delusional Experiences Emerging From AI Chatbot Interactions or “AI Psychosis”. JMIR Ment Health, 12, e85799. doi: 10.2196/85799.

    Commentary / Editorial

  • Machine Bullshit: Characterizing the Emergent Disregard for Truth in Large Language Models

    Kaiqu Liang, Haimin Hu, Xuandong Zhao, Dawn Song, Thomas L. Griffiths, Jaime Fernández Fisac, 2024. Machine Bullshit: Characterizing the Emergent Disregard for Truth in Large Language Models. Preprint, arXiv:2507.07484v1.

    Preprint

  • Effects of AI Companions’ Sycophancy and Emotional Mimicry on Consumers’ Continuance Intention and Social Wellbeing

    Daisy Lee, Calvin Wan, Peggy M. L. Ng, Yi-Ning Fung & Nan Wu, 2026. Effects of AI Companions’ Sycophancy and Emotional Mimicry on Consumers’ Continuance Intention and Social Wellbeing. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, DOI: 10.1080/10447318.2026.2626809.

    Peer-reviewed study (original research)
This platform is NOT a scoring engine, diagnostic tool, or risk prediction system. It is a research and evidence-mapping tool to support the transparent development of an SPJ framework.